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CWD and Wildlife Tree Bibliographies

This bibliography on coarse woody debris and wildlife trees was largely prepared by Marilyn Fuchs, an Ecological Consultant from Victoria, B.C. for the Long Beach Model Forest Society (P.O. Box 1119, Ucluelet, B.C. Canada V0R 3A0) and submitted to them in January of 1999.

Editing, additions of recent and other publications as well as insertion of hyperlinks were done by John Parminter, Research Branch, Ministry of Forests, Victoria, B.C.

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Abbott, D.T. and D.A. Crossley, Jr. 1982. Woody litter decomposition following clear-cutting. Ecology 63(1):35-42.

Aber, J.D., J.D. Melillo, K.J. Nadelhoffer, J. Pastor and D. Booner. 1991. Factors controlling nitrogen cycling and nitrogen saturation in northern temperate forest ecosystems. Ecological Applications 1:303-315.

Adams, T.C. and R.C. Smith. 1976. Review of the logging residue problem and its reduction through marketing practices. USDA Forest Service General Technical Report PNW-48. Pacific Northwest Research Station, Portland, Oregon. 22 p.

Addison, J.A., V.G. Marshall and J.A. Trofymow. 1998. Soil microarthropod abundance and species richness in successional Douglas-fir forests. In J.A. Trofymow and A. MacKinnon (editors). Proceedings of a workshop on structure, process, and diversity in successional forests of coastal British Columbia. February 17-19, 1998, Victoria, B.C. Northwest Science Vol. 72, Special Issue No. 2. pp. 96-97.

Agee, J.K. and M. Huff. 1987. Fuel succession in a western hemlock/Douglas-fir forest. Canadian Journal of Forest Research 17:697-704.

Ahlgren, C.E. 1966. Small mammals and reforestation following prescribed burning. Journal of Forestry 64: 614-618.

Alaback, P.B. 1989. Logging of temperate rainforests and the greenhouse effect: ecological factors to consider. In E.B. Alexander (editor). Proceedings of Watershed ’89: conference on the stewardship of soil, air, and water resources. March 21-23, 1989, Juneau, Alaska. USDA Forest Service Alaska Region. RIO-MB-77. pp. 195-202.

Alban, D.H. and J. Pastor. 1993. Decomposition of aspen, spruce, and pine boles on two sites in Minnesota. Canadian Journal of Forest Research 23:1744-1749.

Amaranthus, M.P, D.S. Parrish and D.A. Perry. 1989. Decaying logs as moisture reservoirs after drought and wildfire. In E.B. Alexander (editor). Proceedings of Watershed ’89: conference on the stewardship of soil, air and water resources. March 21-23, 1989, Juneau, Alaska. USDA Forest Service Alaska Region. RIO-MB-77. pp. 191-194.

Amaranthus, M.P., J.M. Trappe, L. Bednar and D. Arthur. 1994. Hypogeous fungal production in mature Douglas-fir forest fragments and surrounding plantations and its relation to coarse woody debris and animal mycophagy. Canadian Journal of Forest Research 24:2157-2165.

Anderson, J.J., J.R. Sedell, L.M. Roberts and F.J. Triska. 1978. The role of aquatic invertebrates in processing wood debris in coniferous forest streams. American Midland Naturalist 100:64-82.

Andersson, L.I. and H. Hytteborn. 1991. Bryophytes and decaying wood - a comparison between managed and natural forest. Holarctic Ecology 14:121-130.

Angelstam, P. and G. Mikusinski. 1994. Woodpecker assemblages in natural and managed boreal and hemiboreal forest - a review. Annales Zoologici Fennici 31:157-172.

Anthony, R.G., R.L. Knight, G.T. Allen and others. 1992. Habitat use in the Pacific Northwest. Proceeding of the North American Wildlife and Natural Resources Conferences 47:332-342.

Arp, P.A. and T.P. McGrath. 1987. A parameter-based method for modelling biomass accumulations in forest stands: theory. Ecological Modelling 36:29-48.

Arp, P.A., T.P. McGrath and J.A. Beck. 1987. A parameter-based method for modelling biomass accumulations in forest stands: an application. Ecological Modelling 36:49-64.

Arthur, M.A. and T.J. Fahey. 1990. Mass and nutrient content of decaying boles in an Engelmann spruce - subalpine fir forest, Rocky Mountain National Park, Colorado. Canadian Journal of Forest Research 20:730-737.

Arthur, M.A. and T.J. Fahey. 1992. Biomass and nutrients in an Engelmann spruce - subalpine fir forest in north central Colorado: pools, annual production, and internal cycling. Canadian Journal of Forest Research 22:315-325.

Aubry, K.B. and P.A. Hall. 1991. Terrestrial amphibian communities in the southern Washington Cascade Range. In L.F. Ruggiero, K.B. Aubry, A.B. Carey and M.F. Huff (technical coordinators). Wildlife and vegetation of unmanaged Douglas-fir forests. USDA Forest Service General Technical Report PNW-285. Pacific Northwest Research Station, Portland, Oregon. pp. 327-338.

Aubry, K.B., L.L.C. Jones and P.A. Hall. 1988. Use of woody debris by plethodontid salamanders in Douglas-fir forests in Washington. In R.C. Szaro, K.E. Severson and D.R. Patton (technical coordinators). Management of amphibians, reptiles, and small mammals in North America - proceedings of the symposium. July 19-21, 1988, Flagstaff, Arizona. USDA Forest Service General Technical Report RM-166. Rocky Mountain Forest and Range Experiment Station, Fort Collins, Colorado. pp. 32-37.

Auclair, A.N.D. 1985. Postfire regeneration of plant and soil organic pools in a Picea mariana - Cladonia stellaris ecosystem. Canadian Journal of Forest Research 15:279-291.

Aumen, N.G., P.J. Bottomley and G.M. Ward. 1983. Microbial decomposition of wood in streams: distribution of microflora and factors affecting {14X} lignocellulose mineralization. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 46:1409-16.

Aumen, N.G., P.J. Bottomley and S.V. Gregory. 1985a. Impact of nitrogen and phosphorus on [¹⁴C] lignocellulose decomposition by stream wood microflora. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 49:1113-1118.

Aumen, N.G., P.J. Bottomley and S.V. Gregory. 1985b. Nitrogen dynamics in stream wood samples incubated with [¹⁴C] lignocellulose and potassium [¹⁵N] nitrate. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 49:1119-1123.

Backhouse, F. 1993. Wildlife tree management in British Columbia. Co-publication of B.C. Environment, Workers Compensation Board, B.C. Forest Service and FRDA. Victoria, B.C. 32 p.

Backhouse, F. and J.D. Lousier. 1991. Silviculture systems research: wildlife tree problem analysis. B.C. Ministry of Forests, B.C. Ministry of Environment and B.C. Wildlife Tree Committee, Victoria, B.C. 205 p.

Backhouse, F. and T. Manning. 1996. Predator habitat enhancement as a strategy for managing small mammal damage in B.C. forests: a problem analysis. B.C. Ministry of Forests, Victoria, B.C.

Bailey, G.R. 1969. An evaluation of the line-intersect method of assessing logging residue. Canadian Forestry Service Information Report VP-X-23. Forest Products Laboratory, Vancouver, B.C. 41 p.

Bailey, G.R. 1970. A simplified method of sampling logging residue. The Forestry Chronicle 46(4):288-294.

Baker, J.H. 1983. Bacterial activity associated with the decomposition of woody substrates in a stream sediment. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 45:516-521.

Baker, J.M. 1992. Habitat use and spatial organization of pine marten on southern Vancouver Island, British Columbia. M.Sc. thesis, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, B.C. 119 p.

Balda, R. 1975. The relationships of secondary cavity nesters to snag densities in western coniferous forests. Forest Service Wildlife Habitat Technical Bulletin No. 1, Southwest Region, Albuquerque, New Mexico.

Balgoolyen, T.G. 1976. Behavior and ecology of the American Kestrel (Falco sarverius L.) in the Sierra Nevada of California. University of California Publications in Zoology 103:1-83.

Banci, V. 1994. Wolverine. In L.F. Ruggiero, K.B. Aubry, S.W. Buskirk, L.J. Lyon and W.J. Zielinski (technical editors). The scientific basis for conserving forest carnivores: American marten, fisher, lynx, and wolverine in the western United States. USDA Forest Service General Technical Report RM-254. Rocky Mountain Forest and Range Experiment Station, Fort Collins, Colorado. pp. 99-127.

Barber, B.L. and D.H. Van Lear. 1984. Weight loss and nutrient dynamics in decomposing woody loblolly pine logging slash. Soil Science Society of America Journal 48:906-910.

Barry, P. 1983. Snags in the biomass revolution. Environment 25:2-4.

Bartels, R., J.D. Bell, R.L. Knight and G. Schaefer. 1985. Management of wildlife and fish habitats in forests of western Oregon and Washington, Part 1- chapter narratives, dead and down woody material. USDA Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Region. Publication No. R6-F&WL-192-1985. pp. 171-186.

Bekunda, M.A., P.J. Smethurst, P.K. Khana and I.R. Willet. 1990. Effects of post-harvest residue management on labile soil phosphorus in a Pinus radiata plantation. Forest Ecology and Management 38(1-2):13-25.

Bengtsson, J., T. Persson and H. Lundkvist. 1997. Long-term effects of logging residue addition and removal on macroarthropods and enchytraeids. Journal of Applied Ecology 34:1014-1022.

Benke, A.C. and D.I Jacobi. 1994. Production dynamics and resource utilization of snag-dwelling mayflies in a blackwater river. Ecology 75:1219-1232.

Benke, A.C. and J.B. Wallace. 1990. Wood dynamics in coastal plain blackwater streams. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 47:92-99.

Benson, R.E. 1982. Management consequences of alternative harvesting and residue treatment practices – lodgepole pine. USDA Forest Service General Technical Report INT-132. Intermountain Forest and Range Experiment Station, Ogden, Utah. 58 p.

Benson, R.E. and J.A. Schlieter. 1980. Woody material in northern Rocky Mountain forests: volume, characteristics, and changes with harvesting. In Environmental consequences of timber harvesting in Rocky Mountain coniferous forests, symposium proceedings. September 11-13, 1979, Missoula, Montana. USDA Forest Service General Technical Report INT-90. Intermountain Forest and Range Experiment Station, Ogden, Utah. pp. 27-36.

Benson, R.E. and J.A. Schlieter. 1981. Residue characteristics in the northern Rocky Mountains. In Harvesting and utilization opportunities for forest residues in the northern Rocky Mountains: symposium proceedings. November 28-30 1979, Missoula, Montana. USDA Forest Service General Technical Report INT-110. Intermountain Forest and Range Experiment Station, Ogden, Utah. pp. 33-43.

Betts, B.J. 1996. Roosting behaviour of silver-haired bats (Lasionycteris noctivagans) and big brown bats (Eptesicus fuscus) in northeast Oregon. In R.M.R. Barclay and R.M. Brigham (editors). Bats and forests symposium, October 19-21, 1995, Victoria, B.C. Working Paper 23/1996. Research Branch, B.C. Ministry of Forests, Victoria, B.C. pp. 55-61.
http://www.for.gov.bc.ca/hfd/pubs/Docs/Wp/Wp23-1.pdf

Bevis, K.R. 1996. Primary excavators in grand fir forests of Washington’s east Cascades and forestry on the Yakima Indian Nation, Washington. In P. Bradford, T. Manning, and B. I’Anson (editors). Proceedings of the workshop on wildlife tree/stand-level biodiversity. B.C. Ministries of Environment and Forests, Victoria, B.C. pp. 77-86.

See also
http://www.tws-west.org/deadwoodabstracts.html

Bieber, W.P. 1990. The application of "new forestry" in British Columbia and a method of determining coarse woody debris requirements. B.S.F. thesis. UBC Faculty of Forestry, Vancouver, B.C.

Bilby, R.E. 1981. Role of organic debris dams in regulating the export of dissolved and particulate matter from a forested watershed. Ecology 62(5):1234-1243.

Bilby, R.E. 1984. Removal of woody debris may affect stream channel stability. Journal of Forestry 82(10):609-613.

Bilby, R.E. and G.E. Likens. 1980. Importance of organic debris dams in the structure and function of stream ecosystems. Ecology 61(5):1107-1113.

Bingham, B.B. and J.O. Sawyer, Jr. 1988. Volume and mass of decaying logs in an upland old-growth redwood forest. Canadian Journal of Forest Research 18:1649-1651.

Bisson, P.A., R.E. Bilby, M.D. Bryand, C.A. Dolloff, G.B. Grette, R.A. House, M.L. Murphy, K.V. Koski and J.R. Sedell. 1987. Large woody debris in forested streams in the Pacific Northwest: past, present and future. In E.O. Salo and T.W. Cundy (editors). Streamside management: forestry and fishery interactions. Contribution No. 57. University of Washington Institute of Forestry Resources, Seattle, Washington. pp. 143-189.

Blackwell, B.A. and J.A. Trofymow. 1998. Changes in ecosystem nutrient concentrations and content in coastal forest chronosequences. In J.A. Trofymow and A. MacKinnon (editors). Proceedings of a workshop on structure, process, and diversity in successional forests of coastal British Columbia. February 17-19, 1998, Victoria, B.C. Northwest Science Vol. 72, Special Issue No. 2. pp. 43-45.

Blair, J.M., D.A. Crossley and L.C. Callaham. 1991. A litterbasket technique for measurement of nutrient dynamics in forest floors. Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment 34:465-71.

Block, W.M. and D.M. Finch. 1997. Songbird ecology in southwest ponderosa pine forests: a review. USDA Forest Service General Technical Report RM-292. Rocky Mountain Forest and Range Experiment Station, Fort Collins, Colorado. iv + 152 p.

Bock, C.E. 1970. Ecology and behaviour of the Lewis Woodpecker. University of California Publications in Zoology 92:1-100.

Boddy. L. 1983a. Microclimate and moisture dynamics of wood decomposing in terrestrial ecosystems. Soil Biology and Biochemistry 15:149-157.

Boddy, L. 1983b. Carbon dioxide release from decomposing wood: effect of water content and temperature. Soil Biology and Biochemistry 15:501-510.

Boddy, L. and M.J. Swift. 1983. Wood decomposition in an abandoned beech and oak coppiced woodland in SE England, I: patterns of wood-litter fall. Holarctic Ecology 6:320-332.

Boddy, L. and M.J. Swift. 1984. Wood decomposition in an abandoned beech and oak coppiced woodland in SE England, III: decomposition and turnover of twigs and branches. Holarctic Ecology 7:229-238.

Boddy, L. and S.C. Watkinson. 1995. Wood decomposition, higher fungi, and their role in nutrient redistribution. Canadian Journal of Botany 73 (Supplement 1):S1377-S1383.

Boone, R.D., P. Sollins and K. Cromack, Jr. 1988. Stand and soil changes along a mountain hemlock death and regrowth sequence. Ecology 69(3):714-722.

Booth, B.P. 1994. The effects of thinning on forest bird communities in dry interior Douglas-fir forests. M.Sc. thesis, Faculty of Forestry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, B.C. ix + 103 p.

Bosakowski, T. 1997. Breeding bird abundance and habitat relationships on private industrial forest in the western Washington Cascades. Northwest Science 71:87-96.

Bosatta, E. and G.I. Agren. 1996. Theoretical analyses of carbon and nutrient dynamics in soil profiles. Soil Biology and Biochemistry 28:1523-1531.

Brawn, J.D., W.H. Elder and K.E. Evans. 1982. Winter foraging by cavity-nesting birds in an oak hickory forest. Wildlife Society Bulletin 10:271-275.

Brewer, R.G.W. 1993. Characterization and orientation of coarse woody debris in some old sub-boreal spruce stands. B.S.F. thesis, Faculty of Forestry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, B.C. x + 91 p.

Brigham, R.M. 1991. Flexibility in foraging and roosting behaviour by the big brown bat (Eptesicus fuscus). Canadian Journal of Zoology 69:117-121.

Brigham, R.M., M.J. Vonhof, R.M.R. Barclay and J. Gwilliam. 1997. Roosting behavior and roost-site preferences of forest-dwelling California bats (Myotis californicus). Journal of Mammalogy 78:1231-1239.

See also
http://www.uregina.ca/biology/faculty/brigham/refereed_pubs.htm

B.C. Ministry of Environment, Lands and Parks and B.C. Ministry of Forests. 1998. Field manual for describing terrestrial ecosystems. Land Management Handbook 25. Co-published by B.C. Ministry of Environment, Lands and Parks and B.C. Ministry of Forests. Victoria, B.C. unpaged.

B.C. Ministry of Forests. 1990. Old-growth forests: problem analysis. Research Branch, Victoria, B.C. Draft Report. 118 p.

Brown, J.K. 1974. Handbook for inventorying downed woody material. USDA Forest Service General Technical Report INT-16. Intermountain Forest and Range Experiment Station, Ogden, Utah. 24 p.

Brown, J.K. and P.J. Roussopoulos. 1974. Eliminating biases in the planar intersect method for estimating volumes of small fuels. Forest Science 20:350-356.

Brown, J.K. and T.E. See. 1981. Downed dead woody fuel and biomass in the Northern Rocky Mountains. USDA Forest Service General Technical Report INT-117. Intermountain Forest and Range Experiment Station, Ogden, Utah. 48 p.

Brown, J.K., R.D. Oberheu and C.M. Johnson. 1982. Handbook for inventorying surface fuels and biomass in the interior west. USDA Forest Service General Technical Report INT-129. Intermountain Forest and Range Experiment Station, Ogden, Utah. 48 p.

Brown, P.M., W.D. Shepperd, S.A. Mata and D.L. McClain. 1998. Longevity of windthrown logs in a subalpine forest of central Colorado. Canadian Journal of Forest Research 28:932-936.

Brush, T., B.W. Anderson and R.D. Ohmart. 1983. Habitat selection related to resource availability among cavity-nesting birds. In J.W. Davis, G.A. Goodwin and R.A. Ockenfels (technical coordinators). Proceedings of the symposium on snag habitat management. USDA Forest Service General Technical Report RM-99. Rocky Mountain Forest and Range Experiment Station, Fort Collins, Colorado. pp. 88-98.

Buchanan, T.S. and G.H. Englerth. 1940. Decay and other losses in windthrown timber on the Olympic Peninsula, Washington. USDA Forest Service Technical Bulletin 733. Washington, D.C. 30 p.

Bull, E.L. 1975. Habitat utilization of the Pileated Woodpecker, Blue Mountains, Oregon. M.S. thesis, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon. 58 p.

Bull, E.L. 1987. Ecology of the Pileated Woodpecker in northeastern Oregon. Journal of Wildlife Management 51:472-481.

Bull, E.L. and C.T. Collins. 1993. Vaux’s Swift (Chaetura vauxi) In A. Poole and F. Gill (editors). The birds of North America, No. 77. The Academy of Natural Sciences, Washington, D.C.

Bull, E.L. and T.W. Heater. 1996. Progress report, 1994-96. The effect of management on the American marten in northeastern Oregon. USDA Forest Service, La Grande, Oregon.

Bull, E.L. and R.S. Holthausen. 1993. Habitat use and management of Pileated Woodpeckers in northeastern Oregon. Journal of Wildlife Management 57(2):335-345.

Bull, E.L. and E.C. Meslow. 1977. Habitat requirements of the Pileated Woodpecker in northeastern Oregon. Journal of Forestry 75:335-337.

Bull, E.L., M.G. Henjum and R.S. Rohweder. 1988. Nesting and foraging habitat of Great Gray Owls. Journal of Raptor Research 22:107-115.

Bull, E.L., R.S. Holthausen and M.G. Henjum. 1992. Roost trees used by Pileated Woodpeckers in northeastern Oregon. Journal of Wildlife Management 56(4):786-793.

Bull, E.L., T.R. Torgersen, A.K. Blumton, C.M. McKenzie and D.S. Wyland. 1995. Treatment of an old-growth stand and its effects on birds, ants, and large woody debris: a case study. USDA Forest Service General Technical Report PNW-353. Pacific Northwest Research Station, Portland, Oregon. 12 p.

Bull, E.L., J.J. Akenson, B.J. Betts and T.R. Torgersen. 1996. The interdependence of wildlife and old-growth forests. In P. Bradford, T. Manning and B. I’Anson (editors). Proceedings of the workshop on wildlife tree/stand-level biodiversity. B.C. Ministries of Environment and Forests, Victoria, B.C. pp. 71-75.

Bunnell, F.L. and A. Allaye-Chan. 1984. Potential of winter range reserves for ungulates as habitat for cavity-nesting birds. In W.R. Meehan, T.R. Merrell, Jr. and T.A. Handley (editors). Fish and wildlife relationships in old-growth forests, proceedings of a symposium. April 12-15, 1982, Juneau, Alaska. American Institute of Fishery Research Biologists, Morehead City, North Carolina. pp. 357-365.

Bunnell, F.L. and L.A. Dupuis. 1995. Riparian habitats in British Columbia: their nature and role. In K.H. Morgan and M.A. Lashmar (editors). Riparian habitat management and research. Special Publication of the Fraser River Action Plan, Canadian Wildlife Service, Delta, B.C. pp. 7-21.

Bunnell, F.L. and L.L. Kremsater. 1990. Sustaining wildlife in managed forests. Northwest Environmental Journal 6:243-269.

Bunnell, F.L, D.L. Daust, W. Klenner, L.L. Kremsater and R. McCann. 1991. Managing for biodiversity in forested ecosystems. Report to the forest sector of the old-growth strategy. Centre for Applied Conservation Biology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, B.C. 56 p.

Bunnell, F.L., L.L. Kremsater and R.W. Wells. 1997. Likely consequences of forest management on terrestrial, forest-dwelling vertebrates in Oregon. Oregon Forest Resources Institute. Portland, Oregon. iv + 130 p.

Bunnell, F.L., L.L. Kremsater and M. Boyland. 1998. An ecological rationale for changing forest management on MacMillan Bloedel’s forest tenure. Centre for Applied Conservation Biology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, B.C. 281 p.

Bury, R.B. 1983. Differences in amphibian populations in logged and old-growth redwood forest. Northwest Science 57:167-168.

Bury, R.B. and P.S. Corn. 1988a. Douglas-fir forests in the Oregon and Washington Cascades: relation of the herpetofauna to stand age and moisture. In R.C. Szaro, K.E. Severson and D.R. Patton (technical coordinators). Management of amphibians, reptiles, and small mammals in North America - proceedings of the symposium. July 19-21, 1988, Flagstaff, Arizona. USDA Forest Service General Technical Report RM-166. Rocky Mountain Forest and Range Experiment Station, Fort Collins, Colorado. pp. 11-22.

Bury, R.B. and P.S. Corn. 1988b. Responses of aquatic and streamside amphibians to timber harvest: a review. In K.J. Raedeke (editor). Proceedings of a symposium. February 11-13, 1987, University of Washington, Seattle. Institute of Forest Resources Contribution No. 59. University of Washington, Seattle, Washington. pp. 165-181.

Buskirk, S.W. and R.A. Powell. 1994. Habitat ecology of fishers and American martens. In S.W. Buskirk, A.S. Harestad and M.G. Raphael (editors). Martens, sables, and fishers: biology and conservation. Cornell University Press, Ithaca, New York. pp. 283-296.

Buskirk, S.W. and L.F. Ruggiero. 1994. American marten. In L.F. Ruggiero, K.B. Aubry, S.W. Buskirk, L.J. Lyon and W.J. Zielinski (technical editors). The scientific basis for conserving forest carnivores: American marten, fisher, lynx, and wolverine in the western United States. USDA Forest Service General Technical Report RM-254. Rocky Mountain Forest and Range Experiment Station, Fort Collins, Colorado. pp. 7-37.

Buskirk, S.W., S.C. Forrest, M.C. Raphael and H.J. Harlow. 1989. Winter resting site ecology of marten in the central Rocky Mountains. Journal of Wildlife Management 53:191-196.

Busse, M.D. 1994. Downed bole-wood decomposition in lodgepole pine forests of central Oregon. Soil Science Society of America Journal 58:221-227.

Bustard, D.R., and D.W. Narver. 1975a. Aspects of the winter ecology of juvenile coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch) and steelhead trout (Salmo gardneri). Journal of the Fisheries Research Board of Canada 32:667-680.

Bustard, D.R. and D.W. Narver. 1975b. Preferences of juvenile coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch) and cutthroat trout (Salmo clarki) relative to simulated alteration of winter habitat. Journal of the Fisheries Research Board of Canada 32:681-687.

Butts, S.R. 1997. Associations of forest floor vertebrates with coarse woody debris in managed forests, western Oregon Cascades. M.S. thesis, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon. 60 p.

Byrnes, P. 1988. Fire sales. Wilderness 51:30-32.

Caceres, C. 1997. Northern long-eared bat: progress report. Unpublished report, Columbia Basin Fish and Wildlife Compensation Program, Nelson, BC.

Cadrin, C., E.M. Campbell and A. Nicholson. 1991. A bibliography on old-growth forests in British Columbia. Land Management Report No. 72. B.C. Ministry of Forests, Victoria, B.C. 261 p.

Campbell, L.A., J.G. Hallett and M.A. O’Connell. 1996. Conservation of bats in managed forests: use of roosts by Lasionycteris noctivagans. Journal of Mammalogy 7:976-984.

Carey, A.B. 1983. Cavities in trees in hardwood forests. In J.W. Davis, G.A. Goodwin and R.A. Ockenfels (technical coordinators). Proceedings of the symposium on snag habitat management. USDA Forest Service General Technical Report RM-99. Rocky Mountain Forest and Range Experiment Station, Fort Collins, Colorado. pp. 167-184.

Carey, A.B. 1995. Sciurids in Pacific Northwest managed and old-growth forests. Ecological Applications 51:648-661.

Carey, A.B. and M.L. Johnson. 1995. Small mammals in managed, naturally young, and old-growth forests. Ecological Applications 5:336-352.

Carey, A.B., M.M. Hardt, S.P. Horton and B.L. Biswell. 1991. Spring bird communities in the Oregon Coast Range. In L.F. Ruggiero, K.B. Aubry, A.B. Carey and M.F. Huff (technical coordinators). Wildlife and vegetation of unmanaged Douglas-fir forests. USDA Forest Service General Technical Report PNW-285. Pacific Northwest Research Station, Portland, Oregon. pp. 123-142.

Carey, A.B., T.M. Wilson, C.C. MacGuire and B.L. Biswell. 1997. Dens of northern flying squirrels in the Pacific Northwest. Journal of Wildlife Management 61:684-699.

Carpenter. S.E., M.E. Harmon, E.R. Ingham, R.G. Kelsey, J.D. Latin and T.D. Schowalter. 1988. Early patterns of heterotroph activity in conifer logs. Proceedings of the Royal Society of Edinburgh 94B: 33-43.

Carter, D.W. 1993. The importance of seral stage and coarse woody debris to the abundance and distribution of deer mice on Vancouver Island, British Columbia. M.Sc. thesis, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, B.C. 105 p.

Caza, C.L. 1993. Woody debris in the forests of British Columbia: a review of the literature and current research. B.C. Ministry of Forests Land Management Report No. 78. Victoria, B.C. 99 p.

Chambers, C.L. and W.C. McComb. 1997. Effects of silvicultural treatments on wintering bird communities in the Oregon Coast Range. Northwest Science 71:298-304.

Chang, S.X., C.M. Preston and K. McCullough. 1997. Transformations of residual 15N in a coniferous forest soil humus layer in northern Vancouver Island, British Columbia. Plant and Soil 192(2):295-305.

Christensen, O. 1975. Wood litter fall in relation to abscission, environmental factors, and the decomposition cycle in a Danish oak forest. Oikos 26:187-195.

Christensen, O. 1977. Estimation of standing crop and turnover of dead wood in a Danish oak forest. Oikos 28:177-186.

Christensen, O. 1978. The dynamics of wood litter fall in a Danish oak forest. Natura Jutlandica 20:155-162.

Christensen, O. 1984. The states of decay of woody litter determined by relative density. Oikos 42:211-219.

Christy, E.J. and R.N. Mack. 1984. Variation in demography of juvenile Tsuga heterophylla across the substratum mosaic. Journal of Ecology 72:75-91.

Christy, R.E. and S.D. West. 1993. Biology of bats in Douglas-fir forests. USDA Forest Service General Technical Report PNW-308. Pacific Northwest Research Station, Portland, Oregon. 28 p.

Chung-MacCoubrey, A.L. 1996. Bat species composition and roost use in pinyon-juniper woodlands of New Mexico. In R.M.R. Barclay and R.M. Brigham (editors). Bats and forests symposium, October 19-21, 1995, Victoria, B.C. Working Paper 23/1996. Research Branch, B.C. Ministry of Forests, Victoria, B.C. pp. 118-123.
http://www.for.gov.bc.ca/hfd/pubs/Docs/Wp/Wp23-2.pdf

Clark, D.F., D.D. Kneeshaw, P.J. Burton and J.A. Antos. 1998. Coarse woody debris in sub-boreal spruce forests of west-central British Columbia. Canadian Journal of Forest Research 28:284-290.

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Cline, S.P. 1977. The characteristics and dynamics of snags in Douglas-fir forests of the Oregon Coast Range. M.S. thesis, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon. 116 p.

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