Forest, Range & Recreation Resource Analysis 1994

Forest, Range & Recreation Resource Analysis Table of Contents

For example, Ministry of Forests Annual Reports, Timber Supply Review reports, Vancouver Island Land Use Plan, the Forest Tenure Administration System.
Most of Sections 2.1-2.5 is from Meidinger, D. and J. Pojar (editors). 1991. Ecosystems of British Columbia. B.C. Min. For., Victoria, B.C. Special Rep. Series No. 6. Most of Section 2.6 is from Pojar, J. 1993. Terrestrial diversity of British Columbia. In Our living legacy: proc. of a symp. on biological diversity. Fenger, M.A., E.H. Miller, J.A. Johnson, and E.J.R. Williams (editors). Royal B.C. Museum, Victoria, B.C.
This division is from Valentine et. al. (1978), based on the 10 primary subdivisions of Holland (1976). Valentine, K.W.G., R.N. Sprout, T.E. Baker and L.M. Lavkulich. 1978. The soil landscapes of British Columbia. B.C. Min. Environ., Resource Analysis Br., Victoria, B.C. Holland, S.S. 1976. Landforms of British Columbia: a physiographic outline. 2nd ed. B.C. Dep. Mines and Petroleum Resources, Victoria, B.C. Bull. No. 48.
Demarchi, D.A., R.D. Marsh, A.P. Harcombe and E.C. Lea. 1990. The Environment (of British Columbia). pp. 55-142, In R.W. Campbell, N.K. Dawe, I. McTaggart Cowan, J.M. Cooper, G.W. Kaiser and M.C.E. McNall. The Birds of British Columbia, Volume 1. Royal B.C. Museum, Victoria, B.C.
B.C. Ministry of Environment, Lands and Parks and Environment Canada. 1993. State of the environment report for British Columbia. Victoria, B.C.
Agriculture Canada Expert Committee on Soil Survey. 1987. The Canadian system of soil classification. 2nd ed. Supply and Services Can., Ottawa, Ont. Agric. Can. Publ. No. 1646.
Fosberg, F.R. 1967. A classification of vegetation for general purposes. In Guide to the check sheet for IBP areas. Peterken, G.F. (editor). Blackwell Scientific Publications, Oxford and Edinburgh. IBP Handb. No. 4.
Goward, T., B. McCune and D. Meidinger. 1994. The lichens of British Columbia. Part 1 – foliose and squamulose species. B.C. Min. For., Victoria, B.C. Special Rep. Series No. 8.
Bunnell, F.L. and L.L. Kremsater. 1990. Sustaining wildlife in managed forests. Northwest Env. J. 6: 243-269.
Nagorsen, D.W. and R.M. Brigham. 1993. The bats of British Columbia. Lone Pine Publishing, Edmonton, Alta. and Royal B.C. Museum, Victoria, B.C.
Bunnell, F.L. 1991. Biodiversity: what, where, why and how. In Proc. Wildlife Forestry Symposium, Prince George, B.C., March 7-8, 1990. Chambers, A. (editor).
B.C. Ministry of Environment, Lands and Parks. 1990. Managing Wildlife to 2001: a discussion paper. Victoria, B.C.
Taxa (species or subspecies) on the red list are either extirpated, endangered or threatened or are being considered for such status. Any indigenous taxon (species or subspecies) threatened with imminent extinction or extirpation throughout all or a significant part of its range in B.C. is termed “endangered.” “Threatened” taxa are those indigenous species or subspecies that are likely to become endangered in B.C. if threatening factors are not reversed.
Blue-listed species are considered to be vulnerable and “at risk” but not yet endangered or threatened. Populations of these species may not be in decline, but their habitat or other requirements are sensitive to further disturbance. The blue list also includes species that are generally suspected of being vulnerable but for which information is too limited to allow designation in another category.
Kavanaugh, D.H. 1988. The insect fauna of the Pacific Northwest coast of North America: present patterns and affinities and their origins. Mem. Ent. Soc. Can. 144: 125-149.
Kavanaugh, D.H. 1989. The ground-beetle (Coleoptera: Carabidae) fauna of the Queen Charlotte Islands, its composition, affinities and origins. In The outer shores. Proc. of the Queen Charlotte Islands First Int. Symp., Univ. B.C., August 1984. Scudder, G.G.E. and N. Gessler (editors). Queen Charlotte Islands Museum Press, Skidegate, B.C.
Margulis, L. and R. Guerrero. 1991. Kingdoms in turmoil. New Scientist 1761: 46-49.
Rowe, J.S. 1972. Forest regions of Canada. Can. Dep. Environ., Can. For. Serv., Ottawa, Ont. Publ. No. 1300.
Pojar, J., K. Klinka and D.V. Meidinger. 1987. Biogeoclimatic ecosystem classification in British Columbia. For. Ecol Manage. 22: 119-154.
Meidinger, D. and J. Pojar (editors). 1991. Ecosystems of British Columbia. B.C. Min. For., Victoria, B.C. Special Rep. Series No. 6.
For more information about the biogeoclimatic classification system and its use in forest management, refer to Meidinger and Pojar (1991).
Ministry of Forests Act, Section 4c.
Some of these values are discussed in the State of the Environment Report for British Columbia produced by the B.C. Ministry of Environment, Lands and Parks and Environment Canada, 1993.
Under protocol agreements and other legislation, administration of land in provincial forests is often shared with other ministries.
TFL inventories are maintained by TFL licensees, using different software systems, scales and cartographic standards. The ministry’s Forest Inventory Branch is working to bring TFL inventory information to a common standard that can be reported with the TSA forest cover database.
Strathcona, Tweedsmuir, Manning, Assiniboine, Yoho, Hamber, Wells Gray, Bowron, Garibaldi, Purcells, Mt. Revelstoke, Monkman, the Vancouver watersheds and Glacier.
TSA data are from the ministry’s forest cover database; TFL data are contributed by TFL licensees.
Not-satisfactorily-restocked (NSR) describes forest lands that are not growing to their full timber production potential due to insufficient stocking of acceptable tree species.
Determination of the timber harvesting land base is discussed more fully in Appendix B.
B.C. Ministry of Forests. 1984. Forest and range resource analysis. Victoria, B.C.
Net regeneration is the combined area successfully planted and naturally regenerated. Net harvest is the area harvested minus the area maintained as roads.
The B.C. Ministry of Forests has committed to continue regeneration of backlog NSR. FRDA II (1991-1996) does not address backlog NSR.
B.C. Ministry of Forests. 1992. An old growth strategy for British Columbia. Victoria, B.C.
Unregulated harvest includes harvest on timber licences outside tree farm licences, private land outside tree farm licences, federal land and Indian reserves. Unregulated harvest averaged 12% of total harvest over the last 10 years.
Ford-Robertson, F.C. 1983. Terminology of forest science technology practice and products. Society of American Foresters, Bethesda, Maryland, U.S.A.
The content and standards for PHSPs are defined in the Silviculture Practices Regulation.
Advanced generation seed orchards are the product of years of tree breeding and testing research. They produce higher quality genetically-improved seed than was produced by the original “first generation” seed orchards.
Free-growing status is achieved when young trees are free from excessive competition from competing brush.
Nordstrom, L.O. 1984. The ecology and management of forest range in British Columbia: a review and analysis. B.C. Min. For., Victoria, B.C. Land Manage. Rep. No. 19.
Tisdale, E.W. 1947. The grasslands of the southern interior of British Columbia. Ecology 28:346-365. Tisdale, E.W. 1950. Grazing of forest lands in interior British Columbia. J. Forest 48 (12):856-860. Tisdale, W.W. and A. McLean. 1957. The Douglas-fir zone of southern interior British Columbia. Ecol. Monogr. 27:247-266. van Ryswyk, A.L., A. McLean and L.S. Marchand. 1966. The climate, native vegetation and soils of some grasslands at different elevations in British Columbia. Can. J. Plant Sci. 46:35-50. McLean, A. 1970. Plant communities of the Similkameen Valley, British Columbia and their relationships to soils. Ecol. Monogr. 40:403-424. McLean, A., T.M. Lord and A.J. Green. 1971. Utilization of the major plant communities in the Similkameen Valley, British Columbia. J. Range Manage. 24:346-351.
Range reference areas (RRAs) are small areas considered typical of the different range ecosystems. These are monitored to help develop the range ecosystem classification and to provide a baseline for evaluating operational and proposed range management practices.
B.C. Ministry of Forests. 1994. Range manual (draft). Victoria, B.C.
B.C. Ministry of Forests and B.C. Ministry of Environment, Lands and Parks. 1990. Procedures for environmental monitoring in range and wildlife habitat management. B.C. Min. For., Victoria, B.C.
A range unit is a range management area. Range units prescribe the number and kinds of livestock and periods of use in a tenure management plan.
This section has been summarized from Wikeem, B.M., A. McLean, A. Bawtree and D. Quinton. 1993. An overview of the forage resource and beef production on Crown land in British Columbia. Can. J. Anim. Sci. 73:779-794.
McLean A. and L. Marchand. 1968. Grassland ranges in the southern interior of British Columbia. Can. Dep. Agric., Ottawa, Ont. Publ. No. 1319.
Dodd, C.J.H., A. McLean and V.C. Brink. 1972. Grazing values as related to tree crown-covers. Can. J. For. Res. 2(3):185-189.
McLean et al. 1971.
Willoughby, M. 1986. The forage growth cycle and range communities of the Poplar Lake range unit of north-central British Columbia. M.Sc. thesis. Univ. Alberta, Edmonton, Alta.
Statistics Canada, Agriculture Division. 1992. Agriculture Profile of British Columbia. Catalogue No. 95-393
B.C. Ministry of Forests. 1992. An old growth strategy for British Columbia. Victoria, B.C.
Stewart, R., A. Bond, T. Braumandl, D. Gayton and G. Tipper. 1994. Ecosystem maintenance burning evaluation and research (EMBER) pilot project: problem analysis and working plan. Unpublished report. Nelson, B.C.
B.C. Ministry of Forests. 1994. Five year strategic plan for noxious weed management. Unpublished report. Victoria, B.C.
Pitt, M.D. and A. Allaye Chan. 1985. The interactions between cattle and California bighorn sheep on the Ashnola mountain range. B.C. Min. Agric. Food. Project No. 271319.
Pitt, M.D. 1983. East Kootenay problem analysis: the interaction between grass, trees, elk, and cattle. B.C. Min. For., Victoria, B.C.
Willms, W., A. McLean, R. Ritcey and D.J. Low. 1975. The diets of cattle and deer on rangeland. Can. Dept. of Agric., Fall. Willms, W., A. McLean, R. Tucker and R. Ritcey. 1980. Deer and cattle diets on summer range in British Columbia. J. Range Manage. 33:192-199. Willms, W. and A. McLean. 1978. Spring forage selection by tame mule deer on big sagebrush range, British Columbia. J. Range Manage. 31(3):192-199.
McLean, A. 1979. Grazing forests and clearcuts. West. Wildlands 5 (4):134-135.
Clark, M.B. and A. McLean. 1978. Compatibility of grass seeding and coniferous regeneration of clearcuts in South Central Interior of British Columbia. B.C. Min. For., Victoria, B.C. Res. Note No. 83. McLean, A. and M.B. Clark. 1980. Grass, trees and cattle on clearcut-logged areas. J. Range. Manage. 33(3):213-217. Newman, R.F., B.M. Wikeem, M.D. Pitt, D. Quinton and P. Youwe. 1991. Tree seedling damage on grazed clearcuts. B.C. Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food Factsheet 91-92. Victoria, B.C.
Nordstrom, 1984.
Newman and others. 1991.
B.C. Ministry of Forests. 1991a. Recreation manual. Victoria, B.C.
B.C. Ministry of Environment. 1982. Outdoor recreation classification for B.C. ADP Tech. Pap. 9. Victoria B.C .
ROS is a planning framework for recreation management based on remoteness, size, and naturalness of settings.
Wenger, K.F. 1984. Forestry handbook. 2nd ed. John Wiley & Sons, New York.
B.C. Ministry of Forests. 1981. Forest landscape handbook. Victoria B.C.
B.C. Ministry of Forests. 1994. Visual landscape design training manual. Victoria, B.C.
Vold, T. 1992. Status of wilderness in B.C. B.C. Min. For., Victoria, B.C.
B.C. Ministry of Forests. 1989a. Managing wilderness in provincial forests: a policy framework. Victoria, B.C.
B.C. Ministry of Forests. 1992b. An inventory of undeveloped watersheds in B.C. Victoria, B.C.
Er1 and Er2 are ESAs considered important for recreation. Er1s are considered more sensitive to disturbance than Er2s.
Visually sensitive areas are referred to as scenic areas in the Forest Practices Code.
Map notation, one type of administrative protection for resources, is described in Section 5.3.2.
See Section 5.3 for more on map notations, reserves, sites, and trails.
Moore, K. 1991. An inventory of watersheds in the coastal temperate forests of B.C. Earthlife Foundation and Ecotrust/Conservation International. Vancouver, B.C.
B.C. Ministry of Forests, 1992b.
For more discussion on this topic, refer to: Cordell, H.K., J.C. Bergstrom, L.A. Hartmann and D. English. 1990. An analysis of the outdoor recreation and wilderness situation in the United States 1989-2040. U.S. Dep. Agric. For. Serv., Fort Collins, Colo. Gen. Tech. Rep. RM-189.; and Cole, D., M. Petersen and R. Lucas. 1987. Managing wilderness recreation use: common problems and potential solutions. U.S. Dep. Agric. For. Serv., Ogden, Utah. Gen. Tech. Rep. INT-230 .
For example, Berris, C. and P. Bekker. 1989. Logging in the Kootenay landscapes: the public response. B.C. Min. For., Victoria, B.C. Land Manage. Rep. No. 57.
British Columbia. 1993. A protected areas strategy for British Columbia. Victoria, B.C.
Wilderness Advisory Committee. 1986. The wilderness mosaic. Vancouver, B.C.
B.C. Ministry of Environment, Lands and Parks, and B.C. Ministry of Forests. 1992. Towards a protected areas strategy for B.C. Victoria, B.C.
B.C. Ministry of Forests. 1989b. Lower Stikine management plan. Smithers, B.C.
B.C. Ministry of Forests 1993. Height-of-the-Rockies Wilderness Area - wilderness management plan. Invermere and Cranbrook, B.C. B.C. Min. For., Victoria, B.C.
B.C. Ministry of Forests and B.C. Ministry of Tourism and Culture. 1992. Hudson’s Bay Company Heritage Trail - draft management plan. Victoria, B.C. B.C. Ministry of Forests and B.C. Ministry of Tourism and Culture. 1993. Alexander Mackenzie Heritage Trail management plan. Williams Lake, B.C.
___________. 1993. Alexander Mackenzie Heritage Trail management plan. Williams Lake, B.C.
Vold, 1992.
B.C. Parks. 1990. Special features for B.C. Parks. Victoria, B.C.
A camping unit is an area within a recreation site where a group (or party) can camp. One recreation site generally has several camping units.
Rutledge, R. [in prep.]. Determining indicators of wilderness conditions and standards of acceptable conditions in B.C. wilderness. B.C. Min. For., Victoria, B.C.
B.C. Ministry of Forests and B.C. Ministry of Environment, Lands and Parks. 1994. Wilderness issues in British Columbia: preliminary results of a 1993 province-wide survey of B.C. households. Victoria, B.C.
B.C. Ministry of Forests. 1992c. Management of forest service recreation sites: a public preference study. Victoria, B.C.
B.C. Parks. 1988. Public opinions about provincial park campgrounds by B.C. residents. Victoria, B.C.
Praxis. 1993. A household survey for planning future outdoor recreation and natural areas. Prepared for Greater Vancouver Regional District and Neighbouring Regional Districts. Calgary, Alta.
B.C. Ministry of Environment, Lands and Parks. 1994a. Recent trends in outdoor recreation by British Columbians: a summary. Victoria, B.C.
Cordell, H.K., J.C. Bergstrom, L.A. Hartmann and D. English. 1990. An analysis of the outdoor recreation and wilderness situation in the United States 1989-2040. U.S. Dep. Agric. For. Serv., Fort Collins, Colo. Gen. Tech. Rep. RM-189.
B.C. Ministry of Environment, Lands and Parks. 1994b. Park data handbook 1993. Victoria, B.C.
B.C. Ministry of Environment, Lands and Parks. 1994c. B.C. Parks effectiveness report 1992/93. Victoria, B.C.
Parks Canada. 1993a. Western region attendance statistics - 1992-1993. Calgary, Alta.
Parks Canada. 1993b. Final report - 1993 standard campground satisfaction survey, Alberta and B.C. National Parks. Calgary, Alta.
B.C. Ministry of Forests. 1991b. Outdoor recreation survey 1989-90: how British Columbians use and value their public forest lands for recreation. Victoria, B.C.
This 3% annual growth rate is similar to that reported by the U.S. Forest Service in annual reports between 1984 (228 million visitor-days) and 1992 (288 million visitor-days).
Campbell Goodell Consultants Ltd. 1990. Visitor ’89: wildlife viewing and forest recreation addendum. Prepared for B.C. Min. For., Victoria, B.C.
B.C. Research Corporation. 1990. Visitor ’89: wildlife viewing and forest recreation. B.C. Min. Tourism, Victoria, B.C.
Tourism Research Group, B.C. Research, and Campbell, Goodell and Associates. 1990. Visitor ’89: A travel survey of visitors to British Columbia. B.C. Ministry of Tourism, Victoria, B.C.
Reid, R., M. Stone and T. Whiteley. [in prep.]. Economic value of wilderness protection in B.C. Victoria, B.C.
B.C. Ministry of Environment, Lands and Parks, 1994a.
B.C. Ministry of Environment, Lands and Parks. 1994d. Commercial backcountry recreation policy. Press release ELP94/95-072. Victoria, B.C.
Outdoor Recreation Council of B.C. 1988. Adventure travel in B.C.: a summary of findings. Vancouver, B.C.
B.C. Ministry of Forests. 1991b. Outdoor recreation survey 1989/90: how British Columbians use and value their public forest lands for recreation. Victoria, B.C.
Stankey, G.H., D.N. Cole, R.C. Lucas, M. Petersen and S.S. Frissell. 1985. The limits of acceptable change (LAC) system for wilderness planning. U.S. Dep. Agric. For. Serv., Ogden, Utah. Gen. Tech. Rep. INT-176.
B.C. Ministry of Forests. 1992c. Management of forest service recreation sites: a public preference study. Victoria, B.C.
Some of these species are rare or endangered, or easily confused with poisonous species.
U.S. Department of the Interior, Bureau of Land Management. 1993. Managing special forest products in Oregon and Washington: a BLM Task Force report. Portland, Oregon.
J.D. Larson, International Trade Manager, Oregon Department of Agriculture, pers. comm., 1992.
Schlosser, W.E. and K.A. Blatner. 1993. Critical aspects of the production and marketing of special forest products. President’s Forest Conference Committee, Portland, Oregon.
Visual quality objective (VQO) defines a level of acceptable landscape alteration resulting from timber harvesting and other activities. Visual sensitivity is a measure of the level of concern for the scenic quality of a landscape, based on physical character of the landscape and viewer perceptions.
Nelson, J.D. and D. Errico. 1993. Multiple-pass harvesting and spatial constraints: an old technique applied to a new problem. For. Sci. 39(1):137-151.
In this chapter, “forest products” refers only to wood, paper and allied industries. Elsewhere in the document, the broader meaning of the term is used wherein a diversity of forest values and products is implied.
McWilliams, J. 1993. Structure and significance of the value-added wood products industry in British Columbia. For. Can. and B.C. Min. For., Victoria, B.C. FRDA Rep. No. 203.
B.C. Ministry of Finance and Corporate Relations. 1991. The structure of the British Columbia economy: a land use perspective. Prepared for The B.C. Round Table on the Environment and the Economy.
Regulated lands are lands for which an allowable annual cut (AAC) is determined by the chief forester under authority of the Forest Act. Regulated land includes all provincial Crown land except timber licences (TLs) outside tree farm licences (TFLs) and private land inside TFLs and woodlot licences. Unregulated land includes TLs outside TFLs, private land outside TFLs and federal and Indian lands.
The ministry’s Timber Supply Review is discussed in Section 3.6.2. Appendix B presents a summary of the timber supply analysis for the southern portion of the Kalum Timber Supply Area, Prince Rupert Forest Region.
According to Ministry of Forests records for volumes billed, this harvest included roughly 75.9 million cubic metres from regulated Crown and private lands, 12.9 million cubic metres from unregulated Crown and private land and 0.3 million cubic metres from federal land and Indian reserves.
Delivered wood cost is the total cost incurred in the production and delivery of logs to the mill.
The historic peak in plywood production, 2.5 billion square feet (3/8" basis), occurred in 1978.
B.C. Ministry of Environment, Lands and Parks. 1994e. B.C.’s pulp mills: effluent status report. Victoria, B.C.
Groundwood specialty papers are an upgraded form of newsprint that has been further processed into a higher quality, higher value product. They are used for telephone directories, advertising flyers and other newspaper inserts.
Light-weight coated paper is the type of thin, glossy paper found in magazines such as Maclean’s, Time or Business Week.
This figure and similar ones to follow show average production and export figures for the latest three years of available data. This averaging was done to reduce the effect of market cycles and other potentially distorting phenomena.
The pinewood nematode is a microscopic forest pest endemic in some B.C. tree species. In 1993 the European Community banned imports of green B.C. lumber, with the exception of western redcedar. Since the ban was introduced, kiln-drying capacity has increased on the Coast, though it is unclear whether the ban was the primary factor underlying these investments.
Information in Sections 7.1.5-7.1.7 has been derived from an unpublished report on global timber supply and demand to 2020 commissioned by the B.C. Ministry of Forests (Simons Consulting Group. 1994. Global timber supply and demand to 2020.) and from published reports by the Food and Agriculture Organization and Resource Information Systems Inc.
MDF is a high quality particleboard is used in making furniture, mouldings, countertops, etc.
“Value-added” refers here to the remanufacturing of lumber or other secondary forest products into something more valuable, such as trusses, cabinets, door and window frames and pallets.
Simons Consulting Group. 1994. Potential for further processing of wood products. Prepared for B.C. Min. For., Victoria, B.C.
Crown range means Crown land excluding Crown land that is subject to a lease issued under the Land Act.
Forage includes grasses, forbs, shrubs, mosses, lichens and other plants.
In this context, “value added” refers to the value of sales of products less the costs of goods and materials used to produce them.
More current published data were not available at the time of writing.
Talisman Land Resource Consultants. 1989a. B.C. beef industry study: a statistical profile. Prepared for B.C. Min. For., Victoria, B.C.
Assuming an average net value of Crown range of $4-$6/AUM and that 50% of the costs of using Crown range, estimated to total $12-$15/AUM (Talisman 1989a), represent value-added transactions (payments to land, labour or capital), suggests that the value-added produced directly by the approximately one million AUMs of Crown forage is about $10-$13.5 million.
Sparks Companies Inc. 1992. British Columbia beef industry review. Prepared for B.C. Min. Agric., Fisheries and Food, Victoria, B.C.
Talisman Land Resource Consultants, 1989a. B.C. beef industry study: a statistical profile. Prepared for B.C. Min. For., Victoria, B.C.
Ibid.
See Section 7.2 for further discussion of the non-monetary economic benefits of forest recreation.
Chapter 2 discusses forest and range ecosystems and many of the benefits they provide. Table 2.1 lists values associated with B.C.’s forests, many of which apply equally to range lands.
See Section 4.2.1 for discussion on level of commitment by range unit.
See Section 4.5.4 for discussion on between wildlife and livestock conflicts.
B.C. Ministry of Forests. 1991. Outdoor recreation survey 1989-90. Victoria, B.C.
Statistics Canada. Periodical. Livestock statistics. Catalogue 23-603E. Supply and Services Canada, Ottawa, Ont.
Talisman Land Resource Consultants, pers. comm., 1994.
Statistics Canada. Various. Census of agriculture. Supply and Services Canada, Ottawa, Ont.
Distributions are approximate due to difficulties in quantifying the small amount of unlicensed use of Crown range by livestock and in estimating wildlife numbers.
Talisman Land Resource Consultants. 1989b. Forage and grazing balance model. B.C. beef industry study — a statistical profile. B.C. Min. For., Victoria, B.C. Unpublished report.
Payne, C., J. Bowker and P. Reed (editors). 1992. The economic value of wilderness: proceedings of the conference. U.S. Dep. Agric. For. Serv., SE Forest Exp. Stn. Asheville, S.C. Gen. Tech. Rep. SE-78.
Gilbert, A., R. Glass and T. More. 1992. Valuation of eastern wilderness: extra market measures of public support. In Payne et al. (editors). pp 57-70.
B.C. Ministry of Forests, 1991. Outdoor recreation survey 1989-90. Victoria, B.C.
A recreation user-day (RUD) is all or part of a calendar day spent participating in any form of outdoor recreation. A recreation activity-day (RAD) is all or part of a calendar day spend participating in a particular activity.
B.C. Research Corporation. 1990. Visitor ‘89. Wildlife viewing and forest recreation. B.C. Min. Tour., Vancouver, B.C.; Campbell Goodell Consultants 1990. Visitor ‘89. Wildlife viewing and forest recreation addendum. B.C. Min. For., Victoria, B.C.
Reid, R. 1986. The value and characteristics of freshwater angling in B.C., B.C. Environment, Victoria, B.C.
B.C. Ministry of Forests and B.C. Ministry of the Environment, Lands and Parks. 1994. Wilderness issues in British Columbia: preliminary results of a 1993 province-wide survey of B.C. households. Victoria, B.C.
Wilderness is defined as roadless, undeveloped natural areas. Designated wilderness refers to areas in a wilderness condition that have been set aside by law, including roadless portions of national and provincial parks. Non-designated wilderness refers to areas in a wilderness condition that have not been set aside by law as parks, etc.
Reid, R. and M. Stone. 1994. Economic value of wilderness protection in B.C. Presented at Forestry and environment: economic perspectives II conference, Banff, Alta. Unpublished report. Section 7.3.6 discusses the projected annual growth in outdoor recreation in more detail.
Tourism Research Group, B.C. Research Corporation and Campbell, Goodell and Associates. 1990. Visitor ‘89, a travel survey of visitors to British Columbia. Ministry of Tourism. Victoria, B.C.
See Section 5.4.
B.C. Ministry of Tourism and B.C. Ministry of Finance and Corporate Relations. 1993. Tourism gross domestic product: measuring B.C.’s tourism industry, 1981-1991. Victoria, B.C.
Tourism Research Group et al. 1990. Visitor ‘89: a travel survey of visitors to British Columbia; Marktrend Research Inc. and Tourism Research Group. 1991. Resident travel in British Columbia. Prepared for B.C. Min. of Devel., Trade and Tourism, Victoria, B.C.
B.C. Ministry of Tourism, 1993.
Reichert, C. and G. Rudzitis. 1992. Multinomial logistic models explaining income changes of migrants to high amenity counties. Review of Regional Studies 22(1):25-42.
Rudzitis, G. and H. Johansen. 1989. Migration into western wilderness counties: causes and consequences. Western Wildlands (Spring ‘89):19-23.
Berg, N. 1993. The future of outdoor recreation. In Outdoor recreation in British Columbia: supply and demand, issues and trends — background papers. Prepared for Protected Areas Strategy, Victoria, B.C.
Cordell et al., 1990.
Berg, 1993.
Praxis, 1993.
B.C. Ministry of Environment, Lands and Parks, 1994a. Recent trends in outdoor recreation by British Columbians: a summary. Victoria, B.C.
Cordell et al., 1990.
Berg, 1993.
Balmer, K.R. 1993. The future of outdoor recreation: an emerging B.C. “cultural trademark.” In Outdoor recreation in British Columbia: supply and demand, issues and trends - background papers. Prepared for Protected Areas Strategy, Victoria, B.C. pp. 75-229.
Cordell et al., 1990.
B.C. Ministry of Environment, Lands and Parks. 1991a. Recent trends in outdoor recreation participation by British Columbians: a summary. Victoria, B.C.
B.C. Ministry of Environment, Lands and Parks. 1991b. Camping trends in British Columbia: 1980-1990 summary report. Victoria, B.C.
Cited in Cordell et al., 1990.
“Primary” refers to the main purpose of a trip. In this example, the primary purpose of the trip is to enjoy wildlife in a non-consumptive way, such as wildlife viewing.
Filion, F.L., S.W. James, J-L. Ducharme, W. Pepper, R. Reid, P. Boxall and D. Teillet. 1983. The importance of wildlife to Canadians: highlights of the 1981 national survey. Environ. Can., Can. Wildl. Serv., Ottawa, Ont; Filion, F.L., E. DuWors, P. Boxall, P. Bouchard, R. Reid, P.A. Gray, A. Bath, A. Jacquemot and G. Legare. 1993. The importance of wildlife to Canadians: highlights of the 1991 survey. Environ. Can., Can. Wildl. Serv., Ottawa, Ont.
Berg, N. 1994. Future participation rates for outdoor recreation activity in B.C.’s lower mainland. Prepared for the Greater Vancouver Regional District and other regional districts in the lower mainland area. Vancouver, B.C.
Balmer, 1993; Cordell et al., 1990.
B.C. Ministry of Forests. 1988. Annual report 1986-87. Victoria, B.C.
B.C. Ministry of Forests. 1989c. Annual report 1987-88. Victoria, B.C.
B.C. Ministry of Forests. 1990. Annual report 1988-89. Victoria, B.C.
Such initiatives are discussed in more detail in Chapter 9.
B.C. Ministry of Forests. 1986. Annual report 1984-85. Victoria, B.C.
B.C. Ministry of Forests. 1994c. Annual report 1992-93. Victoria, B.C.
Ibid.
B.C. Ministry of Forests. 1994d. Report on reorganization. Unpublished report.
Program descriptions are presented in the order in which they appear in Ministry of Forests annual reports. For more detailed descriptions, refer to the B.C. Ministry of Forests 1992-93 Annual Report.
MacKinnon, A., J. Pojar and R. Coupé (editors). 1992. Plants of northern British Columbia. B.C. Min. For. and Lone Pine Publishing, Edmonton, Alta.
Pojar, J. and A. MacKinnon (editors). 1994. Plants of coastal British Columbia. B.C. Min. For. and Lone Pine Publishing, Edmonton, Alta.
Total resource planning is a process that designs long-term forest development, guides timber harvesting over an entire area (e.g., a watershed) and confirms how approved objectives for identified resource values will be achieved.
Economics and Trade was established in 1992. These accomplishments relate to activities undertaken in fiscal year 1992-93.
Chief of the United States Forest Service and Dean of Forestry at the University of Toronto, respectively.
British Columbia. 1945. Report of the Royal Commission on the Forest Resources of British Columbia. Hon. G. McG. Sloan, Commissioner. Victoria, B.C.
B.C. Ministry of Forests. 1985. Annual Report 1983-84. Victoria, B.C.
B.C. Ministry of Forests. 1976-77, 1980-81, 1992-93 Annual Reports. Victoria, B.C.
B.C. Ministry of Forests. 1984. Forest and range resource analysis. Victoria, B.C. p. I-8.
Ibid., (p. I-4).
B.C. Ministry of Forests and Lands, B.C. Ministry of Environment and Parks, Federal Department of Fisheries and Oceans and Council of Forest Industries of B.C. 1987. British Columbia coastal fisheries forestry guidelines. Victoria, B.C.
Canadian Council of Forest Ministers. 1992. Sustainable Forests – A Canadian Commitment. Hull, Quebec. p.7.
Forest Resources Commission. 1991. The future of our forests. Victoria, B.C.
“Non-conventional wood” refers to wood that, under normal circumstances, would not have been considered economically or environmentally harvestable.
B.C. Ministry of Forests. 1991c. Review of the Timber Supply Analysis Process for B.C. Timber Supply Areas. Internal report.
B.C. Ministry of Environment, 1993.
The Group of 7 (G-7) member nations are Canada, United States, Britain, France, Germany, Italy and Japan.