Poor stem form: Some adjustment to predicted yield may be required to account for yield losses due to stem defects like a) this forked top on a western larch tree and b) this crook on a lodgepole pine (below). TIPSY assumes that all tree stems have a smooth continuous bole with a single, live top.

Last Updated: November 7, 2001 The contact for this web page is: tim.ebata@gov.bc.ca