FRPA Resource Value: Cultural Heritage
Cultural Heritage Resources

What are Cultural Heritage Resources?

Although there are some commonalities, each First Nation in BC has a unique interpretation of what the cultural heritage resource value represents. Determining what cultural heritage resources or cultural values on the landscape are, and should be monitored, will therefore be an ongoing learning process for FREP.

The Forest Act defines a cultural heritage resource as "an object, a site or the location of a traditional societal practice that is of historical, cultural or archaeological significance to British Columbia, a community or an aboriginal people."

Section 10 of the Forest Planning and Practices Regulation (FPPR) further refines the definition of a cultural heritage resource under the Forest and Range Practices Act (FRPA). The FPPR states the following objective set by government: "to conserve, or, if necessary, protect cultural heritage resources that are:

  1. the focus of a traditional use, by an aboriginal people, and that are of continuing importance to that people; and
  2. not regulated under the Heritage Conservation Act."
Cultural Heritage Resources

In other words, the FRPA does not consider archaeological resources as cultural heritage resources being managed by the Ministry of Forests and Range. Management of impacts to and the protection of archaeological sites are regulated by the Heritage Conservation Act. FREP does recognize, however, that many First Nations may see cultural heritage resources and archaeological sites as different dimensions of one type of information - information that contributes to the broader understanding of how First Nations people lived, and continue to live, on the land.

Traditional use sites are localities identified by Aboriginal peoples as important areas of traditional practice. There may be a correspondence between archaeological and traditional use sites as some areas of traditional practice contain physical remains of past activity. However, traditional use often does not leave any detectable, physical evidence. Traditional use sites are not protected under the Heritage Conservation Act, but can be managed under FRPA.

Forest managers must propose results and strategies to meet the above objective of conserving and protecting cultural heritage resources. Several factors apply to these results and strategies (Schedule 4 to the FPPR):

Which cultural heritage resources are being monitored by FREP?

Although there are some commonalities, each First Nation in BC has a unique interpretation of what the cultural heritage resource value represents. Traditional uses or values that may constitute a cultural heritage resource can vary considerably among First Nations across the province. Answering this question is therefore a challenge, and will involve ongoing dialogue with and participation from First Nations throughout the development of the FREP effectiveness evaluation program.

Cultural heritage resources may include specific traditional use areas, sites or features on the landscape. Some examples may include: important resource gathering areas, sites of spiritual significance, culturally modified trees, or ceremonial sites. Cultural values may also include a broader concept or worldview that considers not only the sites themselves, but also the things that connect these areas together - trails, legends, wildlife movements, or rivers.

There are also many natural resources (e.g., plants, animals, habitat types) to which cultural values may be attached. For example, Western redcedar (Thuja plicata), yellow cedar (Chamaecyparis nootkatensis) and salmon are of central importance to many coastal First Nations people and their culture. Plants with culturally significant medicinal, food or material uses are often associated with specific habitat types. A few examples are: camas (Camassia quamash) found in Garry oak (Quercus garryana) meadows, tea plants found in swampy areas, or preferred habitat for pine mushrooms (Tricholoma magnivelare). Maintaining wildlife areas, fish habitat and functioning riparian ecosystems may also be an important consideration in providing First Nations with the ability to continue to access cultural heritage resources.

Considering cultural heritage resource values in forest management and planning requires a better understanding of what these values are, and where these values exist on the land base. For this reason, FREP is currently focusing monitoring efforts on understanding and evaluating the processes of information-sharing regarding cultural heritage resources as well as the actual outcomes or impacts of forest practices on cultural heritage resources on the ground.

Resources

The following are Cultural Heritage related resources:

B.C. Government Links
Ministries and Branches
Aboriginal Affairs Branch - Ministry of Forests and Range

This Branch provides leadership in co-ordinating and developing policies, initiatives and support to First Nations' issues as they pertain to forest management. The Branch works with regions and districts to provide advice and guidance on the appropriate application of policies as they relate to ministry operations and support for economic opportunities in the forest sector and supporting negotiations undertaken by the Ministry of Recognition and Reconciliation (MARR) with First Nations.

Archaeology Homepage - Ministry of Tourism, Sports and the Arts

At this site, you will find information about the laws, policies and procedures for protecting archaeological sites and artifacts in British Columbia - resources that range from local to international significance. The site is divided into sections containing information tailored to a number of groups having an interest in British Columbia archaeology or a need to incorporate archaeological concerns into their planning and development.

Ministry of Aboriginal Relations and Reconciliation (MARR)

The MARR focuses its efforts in three main strategic areas: bridging the socio-economic gaps between Aboriginal people and other British Columbians through the Transformative Change Accord and the Metis Nation Relationship Accord, building strong and respectful relationships between government and Aboriginal organizations, and ongoing efforts to conclude treaties and other lasting agreements.

Documents
Archaeology Resources

Links to a wide variety of archaeology resources: handbooks/manuals, reports/publications, relevant forms.

Archaeological Resource Management Handbook for Foresters (pdf)

This handbook has been developed to support foresters in effectively and efficiently managing archaeological resources as part of forestry operations. The handbook contains information on a definition of archaeological sites and their relationship to cultural heritage resources, recommended archaeological planning studies, the steps to take when archaeological sites are accidentally damaged, and more.

Guidelines for Managing Cedar for Cultural Purposes (pdf)

Western redcedar (Thuja plicata) and yellow cedar (Chamaecyparis nootkatensis) are considered to be important forest resources to First Nations and to the forest industry in the coastal region of British Columbia. Many First Nation groups in the coastal region have used and continue to utilise red and yellow cedar for traditional and cultural purposes. These Guidelines for Managing Cedar for Cultural Purposes (Guidelines) are intended to guide the management of cedar for traditional and cultural use in the context of forest planning in the Coast Forest Region.

FRPA Administration Bulletin # 1: Forest Stewardship Planning - First Nations Information Sharing Bulletin (2005) (pdf)

This document is a First Nations Information-Sharing Bulletin prepared by the Ministry of Forests and representatives of forest tenure holders. The purpose is to create consistency by providing an overview and a complete set of tasks associated with statutory review and comment requirements and common law consultation processes with First Nations related to Forest Stewardship Plans (FSPs) under the Forest and Range Practices Act (FRPA).

FRPA Administration Bulletin # 5: Woodlot Licence Planning - First Nations Information Sharing Bulletin (2006) (pdf)

This document is intended to provide information and guidance specific to woodlot licence tenure holders.

A Guide to Aboriginal Organizations and Services in BC (2007/2008) (pdf)

The Guide to Aboriginal Organizations and Services in British Columbia is a provincial resource listing of community-based services and organizations. The Guide is also a means by which other community service organizations, government ministries and agencies, and the general public may become knowledgeable about specific Aboriginal services and organizations.

Other Organizations
British Columbia
Aboriginal Mapping Network

The Aboriginal Mapping Network (AMN) is a cooperative website that supports aboriginal and indigenous peoples facing similar issues such as land claims, treaty negotiations and resource development. Common tools, such as traditional use studies, GIS mapping and other information systems are used in a collaborative manner, benefiting users of the AMN.

Royal Roads University Centre for Non-Timber Resources

The Centre supports and encourages sustainable utilization of non-timber forest resources in the temperate and boreal regions of the world. "Sustainable utilization" refers to the protection and enhancement of subsistence, cultural, recreational and commercial uses, as well as the protection of ecosystem values. The principal focus of the Centre is the wise use of non-timber forest resources to diversify and sustain rural and resource-dependent economies.

The First Nations Forestry Program (FNFP)

The First Nations Forestry Program (FNFP) provides funding and support to First Nations to participate in the forest sector. The purpose of the web site is to provide participating First Nations and other interested individuals detailed information about the program. The First Nations Forestry Program is jointly funded by Natural Resources Canada and Indian and Northern Affairs Canada and delivered in partnership with First Nations.

BC First Nations Forestry Council

On April 27, 2006, BC First Nations, through the First Nations Leadership Council, established the First Nations Forestry Council (FNFC) to provide support to BC First Nations with respect to forestry-related matters. The First Nations Forestry Council is governed by a board of directors composed of: representatives from the First Nations Summit, the Union of BC Indian Chiefs, and the BC Assembly of First Nations.

Centre for Native Policy and Research

The Centre is a non-partisan, social justice, progressive Aboriginal think tank focused on the social, economic, and environmental policy and research concerns of Aboriginal people in British Columbia and Canada. The Centre is a bridge that encourages collaborative solutions by bringing people together beyond politics to promote participatory research, policy alternatives and hope.

Canada
Center for Indigenous Environmental Resources (CIER)

"We are a national, First Nation-directed environmental non-profit organisation with charitable status. We were established in 1994 by a group of First Nation Chiefs from across Canada. Through our programs, we take action on climate change, build sustainable communities, protect lands and waters, and conserve biodiversity."

National Aboriginal Forestry Association (NAFA)

The NAFA mission is to promote and support increased Aboriginal involvement in forest management and related commercial opportunities, while staying committed to holistic or multiple-use forestry, to build sustainable Aboriginal communities. NAFA cooperates with various levels of government, the forest industry, associations, educational institutions and other Aboriginal organizations to achieve its objectives.

Other Useful Documents
Linking indigenous peoples' knowledge and western science in natural resource management: Conference proceedings (Michel, H. and D. V Gayton. 2002) (pdf)

This conference attempted to systematically define some important questions such as: What is Indigenous Peoples' Knowledge (IPK)? How do we recognize it as a knowledge system of equal importance to Western science? Are there enough successful field incorporation experiences that would allow us to start developing a set of principles for the integration of IPK with Western science? These conference proceedings provide a good dialogue about these critical questions facing resource managers in British Columbia.

Chief Kerry's Moose - a guidebook to land use occupancy and mapping, research design and data collection (2000) (pdf)

The author (Terry Tobias) uses the term "land use occupancy and mapping" to refer to the collection of interview data about traditional use of resources and occupancy of lands by First Nation persons, and the presentation of those data in map form. This guide is intended for a wide audience, and the information and ideas contained here should be of use to anyone who has the responsibilities of designing mapping projects and providing guidance to community interviewers.

Incorporating non-timber forest products into sustainable forest management: An overview for forest managers (pdf)

This publication is intended for resource managers to explore current knowledge and practice in non-timber forest product (NTFP) management, including both inventory and compatible management of NTFP values with timber values. NTFPs are used for cultural, subsistence, recreational, and commercial purposes, and offer a wide range of opportunities for cultural maintenance and revival, support of forest biodiversity, as well as rural community economic development and stability. Non-timber forest products - including services such as education - are of particular importance to Aboriginal peoples throughout British Columbia, given the inter-relatedness with traditional use species.

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